Thursday, May 7, 2020

Endometriosis Treatments

There’s no cure for endometriosis. Treatments usually include surgery or medication. You might need to try different treatments to find what helps you feel better.

Pain medicine. Your doctor may recommend an over-the-counter pain reliever. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve) work for many people. If these don’t relieve your pain, ask about other options.

Some other things you can do at home may help with pain:
  • Take warm baths.
  • Put a hot water bottle or heating pad on your belly.
  • Exercise regularly.
Some women find that alternative therapies like acupuncture, diet changes, or homeopathy work for them. Before starting one, talk to your doctor to be sure it won’t interfere with another treatment.

Hormones. Hormonal therapy lowers the amount of estrogen your body creates and can stop your period. This helps lesions bleed less so you don’t have as much inflammation, scarring, and cyst formation. Common hormones include:
  • Birth control pills, patches, and vaginal rings
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) agonists and antagonists such as elagolix sodium (Orilissa) or leuprolide (Lupron)
  • Progestin-only contraceptives
  • Danazol (Danocrine)
Surgery. Your doctor might recommend surgery to take out as much of the affected tissue as possible. In some cases, surgery helps symptoms and can make you more likely to get pregnant. Your doctor might use a laparoscope or do a standard surgery that uses larger cuts. Pain sometimes comes back after surgery.

In the most severe cases, you may need a surgery called a hysterectomy to take out your ovaries, uterus, and cervix. But without them, you can’t get pregnant later.


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To More Post :- Endometriosis




Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Endometriosis

What is Endometriosis?


Endometriosis happens when the endometrium, the tissue that usually lines the inside of a woman’s uterus, grows outside it.

This tissue acts like regular uterine tissue does during your period: It will break apart and bleed at the end of the cycle. But this blood has nowhere to go. Surrounding areas may become inflamed or swollen. You might have scar tissue and lesions.

Endometriosis is most common on your ovaries.

Types of Endometriosis

There are three main types of endometriosis, based on where it is:
  • Superficial peritoneal lesion. This is the most common kind. You have lesions on your peritoneum, a thin film that lines your pelvic cavity.
  • Endometrioma (ovarian lesion). These dark, fluid-filled cysts, also called chocolate cysts, form deep in your ovaries. They don’t respond well to treatment and can damage healthy tissue.
  • Deeply infiltrating endometriosis. This type grows under your peritoneum and can involve organs near your uterus, such as your bowels or bladder. About 1% to 5% of women with endometriosis have it.
Endometriosis Symptoms

You might not notice any symptoms. When you have them, they can include:

  • Back pain during your period
  • Severe menstrual cramps
  • Pain when pooping or peeing, especially during your period
  • Unusual or heavy bleeding during periods
  • Blood in your stool or urine
  • Diarrhea or constipation
  • Painful sex
  • Fatigue that won’t go away
  • Trouble getting pregnant
Endometriosis Causes

Doctors don’t know exactly what causes endometriosis. Some experts think menstrual blood that contains endometrial cells may pass back through your fallopian tubes and into your pelvic cavity, where the cells stick to your organs. This is called retrograde menstruation.

Your genes could also play a role. If your mom or sister has endometriosis, you’re more likely to get it. Research shows that it tends to get worse from one generation to the next.

Some women with endometriosis also have immune system disorders. But doctors aren’t sure whether there’s a link.

Endometriosis Complications

Severe endometriosis pain can affect your quality of life. Some women struggle with anxiety or depression. Medical treatments and mental health care can help.

About 40% of women who have trouble getting pregnant have endometriosis. Researchers suspect that inflammation damages the sperm or egg or makes it harder for them to move. Or scar tissue might block your fallopian tubes. Surgery may boost your fertility.

Endometriosis may raise your risk of ovarian cancer or another cancer called endometriosis-associated adenocarcinoma.

Endometriosis Diagnosis

Your doctor might suspect endometriosis based on your symptoms. To confirm it, they can do tests including:

  • Pelvic exam . Your doctor might be able to feel cysts or scars behind your uterus.
  • Imaging tests. An ultrasound, a CT scan, or an MRI can make detailed pictures of your organs.
  • Laparoscopy. Your doctor makes a small cut in your belly and inserts a thin tube with a camera on the end (called a laparoscope). They can see where and how big lesions are. This is usually the only way to be totally certain that you have endometriosis.
  • Biopsy. Your doctor takes a sample of tissue, often during a laparoscopy, and a specialist looks at it under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.
Endometriosis Stages

Doctors use the American Society of Reproductive Medicine’s four stages of endometriosis:

  • Stage I (minimal). You have a few small lesions but no scar tissue.
  • Stage II (mild). There are more lesions but no scar tissue. Less than 2 inches of your abdomen are involved.
  • Stage II (moderate). The lesions may be deep. You may have endometriomas and scar tissue around your ovaries or fallopian tubes.
  • Stage IV (severe). There are many lesions and maybe large cysts in your ovaries. You may have scar tissue around your ovaries and fallopian tubes or between your uterus and the lower part of your intestines.
The stages don’t take pain or symptoms into account. For example, stage I endometriosis can cause severe pain, but a woman who has stage IV could have no symptoms at all.


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Monday, April 27, 2020

Endometriosis and Fallopian Tube Problems

Endometriosis is a common and painful disease that affects about 5.5 million women in North America and is one of the top three causes of infertility in women.

During a normal menstrual cycle, the lining of your uterus -- called the endometrium -- begins to thicken in preparation for becoming pregnant. If you don't become pregnant that month, your body sheds the endometrium during menstruation and the process starts over. In endometriosis, for reasons that researchers don't entirely understand, tissue very similar to the endometrium begins to grow outside the uterus in various places that it shouldn't. It can appear in or on the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the various structures that support the uterus, and the lining of the pelvic cavity. Sometimes, it's found in other places as well, including the cervix, vagina, rectum, bladder, bowel, and elsewhere.

The problem is that this tissue behaves like normal endometrial tissue -- it builds up and breaks down with your menstrual cycle -- but it can't be shed like normal endometrial tissue during your period. As a result, the rogue tissue causes irritation and inflammation. This buildup of tissue can prevent the eggs from getting out of the ovaries or being fertilized by sperm. It can also scar and block the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.

In addition to fertility problems, some common signs and symptoms of endometriosis include:
  • Pelvic pain
  • Painful intercourse
  • Painful urination
  • Painful bowel movements
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Lower back pain
  • Heavy periods or spotting between periods
  • Fatigue
Some women with endometriosis do not have symptoms.


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Thursday, April 23, 2020

In-vitro fertilization and it’s procedure

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a type of assistive reproductive technology (ART). It involves retrieving eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm. This fertilized egg is known as an embryo. The embryo can then be frozen for storage or transferred to a woman’s uterus.

How Is In Vitro Fertilization Performed?

There are five steps involved in IVF: 
  • stimulation
  • egg retrieval
  • insemination
  • embryo culture
  • transfer
Stimulation- A woman normally produces one egg during each menstrual cycle. However, IVF requires multiple eggs. Using multiple eggs increases the chances of developing a viable embryo. You’ll receive fertility drugs to increase the number of eggs your body produces. During this time, your doctor will perform regular blood tests and ultrasounds to monitor the production of eggs and to let your doctor know when to retrieve them.

Egg Retrieval- Egg retrieval is known as follicular aspiration. It’s a surgical procedure performed with anaesthesia. Your doctor will use an ultrasound wand to guide a needle through your vagina, into your ovary, and into an egg-containing follicle. The needle will suction eggs and fluid out of each follicle.

Insemination- The male partner will now need to give a semen sample. A technician will mix the sperm with the eggs in a petri dish. If that doesn’t produce embryos, your doctor may decide to use ICSI.

Embryo Culture- Your doctor will monitor the fertilized eggs to ensure that they’re dividing and developing. The embryos may undergo testing for genetic conditions at this time.

Transfer- When the embryos are big enough, they can be implanted. This normally occurs three to five days after fertilization. Implantation involves inserting a thin tube called a catheter inserted into your vagina, past your cervix, and into your uterus. Your doctor then releases the embryo into your uterus.

However ivf involves these five most important procedure and this should be done under a best doctor. If you face any problem after and before ivf you must concern to your doctor. Ignore taking the medicine without recommendations.


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Friday, April 10, 2020

Causes of male and female infertility

Causes of male infertility

Male infertility is a factor for about 8 percent of couples who are trying to conceive.

Causes of male infertility include:

  • enlarged veins on the testicles, called varicocele
  • abnormally shaped sperm
  • injury to the testes that reduces sperm production
  • heavy drinking, smoking, or drug use
  • chemotherapy or radiation to treat cancer
  • problems with the glands that produce the hormones needed to make sperm
  • more rarely, genetic disorders such as Klinefelter syndrome
Causes of female infertility

Female infertility is a factor for about one-third of couples who are trying to conceive.

The most common cause is a problem with ovulation. If you don’t ovulate, you won’t release an egg to be fertilized.

Ovulation problems can be caused by:
  • polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
  • premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)
Blocked fallopian tubes prevent the egg from meeting the sperm. Possible causes of a blockage include:
  • pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
  • endometriosis
  • surgery for an ectopic pregnancy
A problem with the uterus can also make it harder to get pregnant. This may be due to an abnormal structure, or due to growths like fibroids.

Treatments for infertility

Fertility specialists offer a variety of treatments, and sometimes more than one treatment is combined.

Which method your doctor recommends depends on factors like your age, health, and what caused your fertility problem.

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Wednesday, April 8, 2020

Effect of smoking on infertility :-

Infertility refers to the condition in which a female not getting pregnant, although by having carefully timed, unprotected sex for one year.

The cause of infertility may be difficult to determine but may include inadequate levels of certain hormones in both men and women, and trouble with ovulation in women. Smoking, alcohol and drug are the major problem of infertility in both male and female. The effects of smoking on male reproductive part (sperm) and female reproductive part (ovum) are affected.

Effect of smoking on MALE :

Sperm concentration: Sperm concentration refers to the number of sperm found in a measured quantity of semen. Studies have shown a 23 percent decrease in sperm concentration in men who smoke.

Sperm motility: Sperm motility refers to the swimming capabilities of the sperm. If sperm cannot swim properly, they may have trouble reaching the egg and fertilizing it.

Sperm morphology: Sperm morphology refers to the shape of sperm. Oddly shaped sperm may not swim well enough to get to the egg and may not be able to fertilize an egg. Male smokers have fewer healthy shaped sperm than non-smokers.

Harmful toxins are found in cigarettes are frequently to blame for bad health effects. Smoking exposes men to high levels of cadmium that have been linked to decreased fertility. Heavy smoker were found to have higher levels of cadmium in their semen.

But these toxins may not be the only factor. Zinc levels may play a role. Male smokers who had lower zinc levels in their semen also had poor sperm concentration, movement, and shape.

On the other hand, in smokers who had normal semen zinc levels, there were still issues with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, but the degree of abnormality was less.

Effect of smoking on FEMALE :-

Women who smoke do not conceive as efficiently as non-smokers. The risk for fertility problems increases with the number of cigarettes smoked daily.

Even fertility treatments such as IVF may not be able to fully overcome smoking’s effects on fertility. Female smokers need more ovary-stimulating medications during IVF

Smoking damages the genetic material in eggs and sperm, miscarriage and offspring birth- defect rates are higher among patients who smoke. Smokeless tobacco ,drugs, drinks, alcohol and other harmful products also leads to increased miscarriage rates. Women who smoke are more likely to conceive a chromosomally unhealthy pregnancy than non-smoking mothers. Ectopic pregnancies also occur more often among female smokers.


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Saturday, March 21, 2020

SEMEN FREEZING

Semen freezing is the procedure whereby spermatozoa are exposed to cryoprotectants and then cooling them to subzero temperature using liquid nitrogen. Frozen semen samples can be stored for many years while maintaining reasonable parameters of semen. Semen freezing helps in storage, supply or reserve of the human sperm for future use.

Sperm freezing is widely used and established method in humans and other species, it is very effective in Assisted Reproductive technology (ART) and fertility preservation in patients with cancer, before initiation of radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Semen freezing can be done by two methods 1. Noncontrolled rate cryopreservation and 2. Controlled rate cryopreservation.

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF SPERM FREEZING :-

1.Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

2. Fertility Preservation with Cancer Therapy

3. Non- malignancy systemic diseases and other conditions

4. Surgical procedures involving male genitalia

5. Social and other reasons

ART – Assisted reproductive technologies – IUI/IVF/ICSI:

In ART, the most common use of sperm freezing is in artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (IVF), or intra cytoplasmic sperm injections (ICSI) for various infertile couples. One of the ART options usually offered to infertile couples is intrauterine insemination using fresh or frozen sperm. Although the technique is used preferably with a fresh semen sample, the availability of freezing sperm samples is an option usually offered by infertility clinics in case the male partner cannot produce semen. In case of severe male factor infertility, the samples can be frozen for later use.

Fertility Preservation with Cancer Therapy:

Another application of sperm freezing is for cancer patients before initiation of cancer therapy. The option of sperm freezing should be offered to any male undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy as these treatments can have long-term or permanent cytotoxic side effects on testicular function. One of the advantages of semen freezing is here is that the frozen sperm can stand multiple freezing thawing cycles with no effect on the sperm quality; this is beneficial in cases where patients might have testicular cancer and require surgical removal of the whole testis, with no future possibility of obtaining sperm again. For young males before puberty , cryopreservation of testicular tissue may be an option for fertility preservation in future, improved chemotherapy regimens may give hope to patients in terms of maintaining their sexual and fertility potential after therapy, but at present all male patients diagnosed with cancer who wish to have children should consider sperm freezing or cryopreservation of testicular tissues for further ART use.

Non- malignancy systemic diseases and other conditions:

Cryopreservation of sperm or testicular tissue can also be used in patients prior to cytotoxic therapy for non malignant conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, kidney diseases, inflammatory bowel disease and heart transplant procedures. Most of these conditions are not fatal and the patients should be offered freezing of their sperm or testicular tissue prior to the cytotoxic therapy in order to preserve their fertility for the future.

Surgical procedures involving male genitalia:

Sperm freezing can also be used prophylactically before, during, or after certain surgical procedures as these may have serious adverse effects on male genital structure and functions. An example is the varicocele ligation procedure or reconstructive surgery (e.g. vasovasectomy or vasoepididmostomy). Sperm freezing may also be used postoperatively to insure against subsequent loss of patency of the vas deferens.

Social and other reasons:

Sperm freezing could be a mean of preserving fertility in men with social reasons to preserve their rights to have children bearing their names, for example soldiers being deployed to combat missions in war. Other reasons for sperm freezing might be immediately pre and postmortem where relatives of a person wish to ensure that the person can have a legal heir.

CONCLUSION:

Applications of sperm freezing now days are diverse and include humans, animals and insects. Despite the undeniable morphological and functional adverse effects that cryopreservation exerts on sperm, it still remains one of the core methods of fertility preservation for patients and healthy volunteer donors. Future studies are expected to concentrate on advancing technology to achieve the goal of “damage free” sperm after freezing. Encouragingly, recent advances in ART suggest that it will be possible eventually to achieve a healthy pregnancy and live birth from freezing of a single sperm or frozen semen sample. Nevertheless, it has proved to be boon in the era of modernization helping childless couples to embrace parenthood. Sperm freezing has become an accepted modality for fertility preservation and childless couples.


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