Oligospermia is a male fertility issue characterized by a low sperm count. Other aspects of the sexual health of men with this condition are typical. This includes the ability to get and maintain an erection, as well as produce ejaculation at orgasm.
Sperm count in your ejaculate can vary throughout your life. A healthy sperm amount is often necessary for fertility. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies sperm counts at or above 15 million sperm per milliliter (mL) of semen as average. Anything below that is considered low and is diagnosed as oligospermia.
- Mild oligospermia is 10 to 15 million sperm/mL.
- Moderate oligospermia is considered 5 to 10 million sperm/mL.
- Severe oligospermia is diagnosed when sperm counts fall between 0 and 5 million sperm/mL.
- Some men with oligospermia can still conceive despite lower sperm counts. Fertilization may be more difficult, however. It may take more attempts than couples without a fertility issue.
- Other men with oligospermia may have no problem with conception, despite the low sperm numbers.
Sperm motility refers to how “active” sperm are in a man’s semen. Normal activity allows sperm to swim toward an egg for fertilization easily. Abnormal motility may mean the sperm don’t move enough to reach an egg. The sperm may also move in an unpredictable pattern that would prevent them from reaching an egg.
Causes of Oligospermia
There are many possible causes of oligospermia, including the following:
- Varicocele – a swelling of the veins that drain the testicle
- Infection that interferes with sperm production or sperm health
- Ejaculation problems such as retrograde ejaculation (ejaculation backward into the bladder)
- Certain medications (alpha blockers, finasteride, antiandrogens)
- Genetic conditions (Y chromosome deletions, altered chromosomes)
- Hormonal imbalance (low testosterone, high prolactin levels)
- Undescended testicles
- Medical issues such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes or thyroid disorders
- Heat exposure (hot tubs, baths, saunas)
- Recreational drugs (Alcohol, cocaine, marijuana)
- Anabolic steroid use
- Chronic stress
How to diagnose a Oligospermia case
Low sperm count can be a biomarker of current and future health. If tests show you have a low sperm count, you should seriously consider undergoing a thorough medical evaluation with a specialist to rule out any underlying health conditions. You should also see your doctor annually to stay on top of your overall health and catch anything troubling early, when it is more easily treated.
Treatment
Oligospermia does not mean you have untreatable infertility. Docotr may recommend one of several approaches to improve semen quality.
Home remedies
1- Track ovulation
2-Have sex more frequently
3- Don’t use lubricants
Treatment may include:
Surgery. For example, a varicocele can often be surgically corrected or an obstructed vas deferens can be repaired. Prior vasectomies can be reversed. In cases where no sperm are present in the ejaculate, sperm can often be retrieved directly from the testicles or epididymis using sperm retrieval techniques.
- Treating infections. Antibiotics can cure an infection of the reproductive tract, but this doesn't always restore fertility.
- Treatments for sexual intercourse problems. Medication or counseling can help improve fertility in conditions such as erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation.
- Hormone treatments and medications. Your doctor might recommend hormone replacement or medications in cases where infertility is caused by high or low levels of certain hormones or problems with the way the body uses hormones.
- Assisted reproductive technology (ART). ART treatments involve obtaining sperm through normal ejaculation, surgical extraction or from donor individuals, depending on your specific situation and wishes. The sperm are then inserted into the female genital tract, or used for IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
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