When a couple tries to conceive for a year or more while engaging in regular, unprotected sexual activity but cannot do so, they are said to be experiencing infertility.
About a third of the time, male causes cause infertility, and about a third of the time, female factors are to blame. In other cases, the etiology is either gender-specific or unknown.
The root causes of female infertility are not always easy to pin down. Depending on the underlying reason for infertility, various therapies may be attempted. Without medical intervention, many infertile couples become pregnant.
Causes
The inability to conceive after 12 months of trying is the accepted definition of infertility. When a person of either sex meets this criterion, we say they are infertile.
Male-specific factors
The following factors typically bring on male infertility:
Issues with Sperm and Semen
The milky fluid known as semen is made up of fluid and sperm and is released from the penis during ejaculation. The prostate gland, seminal vesicle, and other genitourinary glands produce the fluid. The testes are responsible for making the sperm. The ejaculate contains sperm, and semen aids their journey to the egg. Causes that lead to them include:-
- A medical issue, such as an infection in the testicles, cancer, or the need for surgery.
- Causes of overheated testicles include working in hot locations, using saunas and hot tubs, wearing tight clothing, and having an undescended testicle or varicocele.
- In cases of ejaculatory dysfunction, semen may be ejaculated into the bladder instead of the urethra.
- Due to a hormonal imbalance, for instance, in the case of hypogonadism, testosterone levels may drop.
Female-specific factors
Obstructive ovulation syndrome
The monthly release of an egg is called ovulation. It is possible that the eggs are never released or that they are released exclusively during specific cycles.
Disorders of ovulation may result from:
- Hyperprolactinemia: High prolactin levels outside of pregnancy and lactation may interfere with ovulation and fertility in women.
- The trouble with the thyroid: Hormonal imbalances caused by an overactive or underactive thyroid gland can prevent ovulation from occurring.
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that prevents or delays ovulation and is associated with irregular or prolonged menstrual bleeding.
- Eggs can get stuck from the ovary to the uterus or fallopian tubes if there are any issues with either. Natural conception may be more challenging if the egg does not move around.
Contributing Factors
Both men and women can be more susceptible to infertility if they have specific risk factors. Among these are:
Smoking
Both men and women who smoke are at a far higher risk of infertility, and smoking may reduce the success of reproductive treatments. Pregnancy can be lost if the mother smokes. Researchers have found a correlation between passive smoking and decreased fertility.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapeutic medicines can cause ovarian failure or drastically lower sperm count.
Radiation
As the danger of infertility rises if this is directed at the reproductive organs, it is important to keep a safe distance. Chlamydia is an STI that can harm a woman's fallopian tubes and a man's scrotum. Several sexually transmitted diseases can cause infertility.
Beginning around 35, a woman's fertility may begin to decline slowly. According to a Reliable Source, male fertility declines dramatically after age 40.
Treatment of infertility in both sexes
Conceiving is more difficult for certain couples. A woman may take ovulation-stimulating drugs before attempting any of the following to improve her chances of getting pregnant:
The IUI (intrauterine insemination)
The sperm is inserted into the uterus via a long, thin tube by a medical professional.
Vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a form of ART (ART). After the stimulation period, the eggs are collected, and sperm are introduced to the eggs in a petri dish. Sperm are responsible for fertilising eggs—a medical professional places one of the fertilised eggs (embryo) inside the woman's uterus.
Treatment with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
It's a lot like in vitro fertilisation. Each egg is fertilised by a single sperm injected into it by an embryologist (a highly trained lab technician), and then a doctor places the embryo in the uterus.
Alternative Recommending Techniques
Donor eggs, sperm, and embryos are all options for couples trying to conceive. Some teams must use a surrogate or gestational carrier. This individual consents to carry your baby to term and give birth to your child.
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